Perhaps it was at your child's first birthday party, or on his first day of school. You don't remember exactly when you first noticed that he was a little behind the other children. Those initial fears began to creep in, along with that dreaded word: Autism. What should you do?

Your first stop should be the pediatrician's office. He or she will perform a physical exam designed to rule out physical causes of slowed development. Once a clean bill of health has been established, he or she may refer you to a psychotherapist, psychiatrist, or neurologist for further evaluation.

After you've determined which specialist to see, familiarize yourself with the criteria needed for a diagnosis of autism. Most clinicians use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) as their diagnostic tool. The DSM-IV breaks autism down into five separate diagnoses, arranged from most to least severe, along what is commonly called the Autism Spectrum. These disorders include Autistic Disorder, Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.

While each diagnosis differs in at least one aspect, all five encompass delayed or abnormal functioning in three specific areas.

First, children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) lack the ability to reciprocate social cues and interactions. They often isolate from other children, and lack the ability to engage in cooperative play or meaningful communication.

Secondly, children diagnosed with an ASD demonstrate an impeded ability to communicate. On the severe end of the spectrum, these children are often nonverbal, communicating only through a series of grunts or shrieks. Children on the other end of the spectrum may have an exceptional vocabulary but demonstrate an inability to recognize and interpret non-verbal communications such as smiles or frowns.

Finally, children diagnosed with an ASP tend to demonstrate repetitive, stereotyped behavior patterns and interests. Children on the severe end of the spectrum may demonstrate repetitive rocking or flapping of hands, while children on the less severe end of the spectrum tend to become fixated on specific items or interests.

Intellectual functioning varies widely among children diagnosed with an ASP. Children on the severe end of the spectrum often demonstrate delays in intellectual functioning, while children on the higher end are known to often exhibit above average intelligence.

At this time there is no cure for ASD's, but there are several options available for treating the symptoms. Applied Behavior Analysis has proven to be an effective technique for teaching new skills and reducing challenging behaviors. In addition to this, medications can be prescribed to assist with impulse control, depression, or anxiety.

If your child is diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder, there are many avenues available for help and support. Many states mandate free early intervention services for preschool children diagnosed with an ASD. Check with your state's Department of Health office or your local mental health center to see what services your state might offer.

Although the diagnosis of an Autism Spectrum Disorder is frightening, with the right interventions and supports, your child can lead a successful, fulfilling life. And so can you.

Learn more about this author, Melinda Clayton.
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