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Just about any after market part will help increase your cars performance, by how much is depending on how much you want to spend. Then there's also the question of what kind of performance increase you want. Most people consider performance gains as in more horsepower/torque but thats not the only kind of performance gain. Car's have many different types of performance area's: raw power, handling, braking, comfort, sound, gas mileage, and quality of the car it self. All these area's can be broken down into further groups but will just leave it as it is.

Raw power, raw power has to do anything with making more horse power or torque and is usually the first step most people think of when buying parts to increase a cars performance. Depending on the type of car there are tons of parts you can by for cheap, or expensive. For example, buying new injectors for a 4 cylinder motor will be cheaper then buying injectors for a 6 cylinder motor because you only have to buy 4. Now I wouldn't suggest new fuel injectors as a first upgrade because there's many more things most cars need with them, to make use of what gains you can achieve by installing them.
The most common and best building blocks for raw power upgrades is to help the car breath better. We do that by opening up the intake and exhaust system by buying a new intake and filter and a new exhaust system. Most people go with a new cold air intake system for a few reasons. The first is that gives more air to the car. Oxygen has better combustion than standard gas, so by giving the motor more air than before you get better combustion and thus a more powerful stroke of the pistons, making more power. Also by adding a more free flowing air filter and intake there's the possibility of saving more on gas because your making the same if not more power while using less gas. The last reason a cold air intake system is good is because it gets "cold air" meaning air thats not warm or hot from the motor compartment in the car. A cold air intake does this by extending the hose to either the furthest place away from the motor in the compartment as possible or putting it somewhere else completely so it gets colder air.

Exhaust, redoing your exhaust system helps by helping all the gases that result from the combustion of air and fuel, get out of the motor faster. This allows the motor to rev more freely. There's many different set ups that can be bought but the most common with the most common gains is a cat back

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