by Erich Rosenberger M.D.

Created on: January 15, 2008

Anthrax is a disease caused by a bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. This bacteria became something of a household name when it was used as a bioterrorism weapon in America just after the events of 9/11. The bacteria does not only exist as a bioterrorism weapon, it is also seen in nature. The anthrax bacteria is found worldwide, with outbreaks having been reported in areas as widespread as North America, South America Southern Europe and even into parts of Africa.

The bacteria which causes anthrax is extremely hardy and capable of surviving in extreme environmental conditions. It forms spores which are easily able to withstand extreme temperatures and humidity levels. The bacteria produces a deadly toxin which it secretes into the infected person. This toxin is responsible for the symptoms and damage caused by the bacteria.

The anthrax bacteria is typically transmitted by direct contact with an infected animal. Because of this the infection is most commonly seen in people who handle animals, such as farmers and butchers. Spores from the bacteria can also be inhaled as you breathe.

There are two major forms of anthrax infection. The first is known as cutaneous anthrax, and it is the less severe of the two forms. It typically has an incubation period of one to ten days after you were exposed. The first symptoms of cutaneous anthrax will be a small, red, and swollen lesion at the site of the infection. As the infection progresses, this lesion will open up, forming an ulcer. The center of the ulcer will oftentimes become black. In most cases cutaneous anthrax is self-limiting and does not spread throughout the rest of the body. However it is possible for the bacteria to spread via the lymphatic system and bloodstream. Because of this it is very important to receive prompt treatment for the cutaneous form of the infection.

The second, and more severe form of an anthrax infection, is known as inhalation anthrax. This is also known as "wool sorters disease", as it historically was seen in sheep farmers. Inhalation anthrax is caused by inhaling spores of the bacteria. These spores get into the respiratory tract and germinate, causing a widespread active infection throughout your body. Common symptoms include a cough, and severe chest pain. These respiratory infections will commonly spread throughout the body and have a mortality rate of over 90% if they are not treated appropriately. Even with treatment death rates can reach over 50%.

Anthrax is typically diagnosed by

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