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Melatonin has a varied impact on the human organism and is produced naturally by pinealocytes in the brain's pineal gland, the retina, GI tract and lens. It is used to transmit information received by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which receives information on levels of light / dark. In non-modern societies, this acts adequately in entraining the circadian rhythms of the body. However, in modern societies with a great deal of artificial lighting and light pollution, melatonin production by the body can often be adversely affected, leading to insomnia.

The efficacy of melatonin supplements has been a controversial subject for a number of years. Although scientists are agreed that levels of melatonin can be effectively used to measure circadian rhythms (Lavie, Pillar, Malhotra 2002, p. 30), it is still dubious as to whether ingestion in supplementary form affects patients in any substantial way. Indeed, the circadian cycle is controlled by the central nervous system rather than by the production of melatonin, although melatonin does facilitate drowsiness and, as such, may serve to entrain the body into developing a regulated circadian rhythm in abnormal circumstances.

Melatonin is a safe supplement to take, and has many significant health benefits to offer besides curing insomnia. Schernhammer, Rosner, Willett et al. suggest that melatonin may prevent cancer (2004). This is highlighted by evidence that night workers have significantly higher rates of cancer, and that melatonin levels are also seriously affected if one works at night. In addition, melatonin is also a powerful anti-oxidant, and can prevent damage by carcinogens. Antioxidants react with free-radicals and, as such, can diminish the effects of cancer, Parkinson's disease and Alzeimer's disease and can also increase lifespan significantly. Melatonin may also impact positively upon immunodeficiencies and infectious disease. Supplements can also affect sexual dysfunction by improving thyroid function in women. This can also be effective in lessening the depressive effects of the menopause.

While melatonin supplements have a largely positive effect on individuals who take them, it is necessary to be careful in certain instances. Melatonin use can cause somulence in some cases, so care should be taken if operating machinery or driving a vehicle for long periods of time. Also because melatonin stimulates the immune system, individuals with auto-immune disorders may find their symptoms

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