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were reduced by $4.8 billion, while the air force budget was increased by over $1 billion to promote the delivery of payload over movement of troops This idea in its most concentrated form of any soviet attack equals "massive retaliation" lasted all but a year and in 1954 NSC-5440 was signed in which the idea of "Diplomacy that practiced nuclear blackmail " was first floated by then Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Despite not having the public persona to unite the public, Revisionist Robert A. Strong believed that he unified ideology rather than the public: "The isolationists approved of the administrations plans to save bucks while enemies of the Soviet Union took comfort in the size of the bang available. " In implementing the New Look strategy and with the reduction of the military budget by 33% from the Truman administration, Eisenhower left the protection of national security in the hands of nuclear arms rather than expeditionary forces. Although this limited Eisenhower's military options in comparison to Truman, the outcome of the strategy seemed to: "meet the soviet challenge without either a nuclear showdown or American involvement in limited wars. " This gave the impression that the conventional military was unfit for purpose.

To combat the inadequacy that the army would now face the CIA and NSC were increased to fill the gaps using covert operations. The "indirect approach " was seen as a cheap and effective way of combating the "An immediate and most serious threat to the free worldthrough subversion and indirect aggression " By some the CIA and NSC were seen as a bloated bureaucratic entity. The architect of NSC-68 Paul Nitze and George Kennan who in a Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery, testified that "foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous, bureaucratic machinery.?" In removing of the army as a viable option Eisenhower had to be seen to be still trying to secure the national interest. A compromise between the army and the nuclear deterrent may have been preferable as there are few other options after putting so much money into the nuclear program. This weakness in the dependency was highlighted on October 4, 1957 when the Soviets launched Sputnik 1 into orbit. This caused many critics of Eisenhower and also the Gaither Committee which grossly overestimated the number of ICBM's that the Soviet Union possessed. Although there was

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