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up when she wants. She can milk her goats when she wants. Since she has escaped, she has secured the release of her mother and daughter. She is pressing charges against her former master on several counts of slavery.

Trafficking The trafficking of human beings is a problem in every African country, says the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The report, which covers 53 African nations, says children are the biggest victims in what is a very complex phenomenon. It describes how they are forced into slavery, recruited as child soldiers or sold into prostitution.

In Africa, children are twice as likely to be trafficked as women. The BBC's Imogen Foulkes in Geneva says the report found that 89 per cent of the countries had trafficking to and from neighbouring countries, but 34 per cent also had a human trade to Europe. Poverty, traditional migration and conflict are blamed for the traffic. The trade in people is frequently regional. Of the countries surveyed, 26 per cent said trafficking was taking place in the Middle East.

And the trade is often in both directions. Nigeria, for example, has received trafficked people from 12 African countries, but trafficked Nigerians have been found in a dozen countries too. Complicity Much of this trade in children often has the tacit collaboration of the victims' own families where it is seen not so much as criminal activity but as a way for a large family to boost its poor income.
The story of Joseph in Benin is fairly typical. When he was 13 years old, a stranger arranged with his parents for him to go to neighbouring Togo for a better life. However, he was put to work from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. each day as a domestic help and was regularly beaten. It took him three years of saving money to be able to phone home and be rescued by an uncle. Now 16 years old, he is back in school. "I was so happy to see my little brother again when I returned home to Benin," he says.

Complexity The report's director, Andrea Rossi, says trafficking is a complex issue with many causes. "Trafficking can start as slavery, children and women are sold, but it can also start as a migration process where children want to move. "The only way they have to move - because for example it's illegal, because you cannot move, or it's difficult - the only option they have is to go through trafficking patterns." There are no reliable figures on the number of people trafficked in Africa, but it is likely to run into the millions.
UNICEF is presenting its report

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