by Linda Ann Nickerson

Created on: May 25, 2007

JUNETEENTH: African-American Independence Day

Celebrated annually on June 19th, Juneteenth lauds the end of slavery in the United States. On June 19, 1865, Union Army Major General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas, where he announced that the Civil War was over. The slaves were officially free.

Thirty months earlier, President Abraham Lincoln had issued his Emancipation Proclamation, which took effect on New Year's Day of 1863. But the Emancipation Proclamation had not been enforced in Texas.

In April 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, the Union began enforcing the anti-slavery ruling across the southern states. By June, they had arrived in Texas. At the time, Texas landowners had some 250,000 slaves.

THE SLAVES ARE FREE!

Granger's announcement included General Order Number Three, which read: "The people of Texas are informed that in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and free laborer."

The crowd had mixed reactions. Slaves rejoiced, while masters recoiled. Some slaves and masters redefined their employment relationships. Other slaves relocated northwards to seek gainful work and obtain property.

THE ORIGINS OF JUNETEENTH

Henceforth, the date was marked as "Juneteenth." The holiday began as a time of regathering to recount the milestone, to pray with thanksiving, and to celebrate freedom with family and friends. Many freed slaves and their descendants returned to Galveston annually for the occasion.

The early Juneteenth celebrations were held on church grounds or private property, usually in backwoods country areas. Eventually, however, private lands were donated, primarily by wealthy African-Americans. Emancipation Park in Houston, Texas, is perhaps the most famous such spot. (As additional sites were earmarked, most cities named them Emancipation Parks as well.) Eventually, Juneteenth celebrations cropped up in Louisiana, Oklahoma, and other states.

Over the years, a variety of Juneteenth traditions have evolved. Groups participate in picnics, barbecues, sports events, rodeos, parades, fishing tournaments, music and dancing, and more. Usually, Juneteenth gatherings will assemble for a motivational speaker and a prayer meeting. Of course, a bounty of festive foods are essential to

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