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In ancient Egyptian life Pharaohs were often considered to be gods present on earth. However, this is a common misconception. A more accurate description would be that of a "god-king", an avatar the personification of Maat. The word "Maat" translates to mean Truth, Justice, Righteousness, Balance and Order. The pharaoh was believed to have the spirit of Horus (son of Osiris) and all the spirits who dwelt with Osiris in the afterlife, residing within him. They would support and guide him as long as he upheld the universal order of Maat. If the law of Maat were obeyed all would be well, but if the Pharaoh failed, the whole world would suffer for Maat was the basis for all life.

The term Pharaoh means "Great House" and originally referred to the palace. Ancient Egyptians worshiped their Pharaohs and thought of them as touched by the divine. They were the mediators between humans and gods and the first to achieve eternal life after death. They saw their Pharaoh as the absolute ruler and caretaker. Responsible for the welfare of his people - a good King looked after his dependents.

As the head of an increasingly complex civilization the Pharaoh's duties left him little time for leisure. As the embodiment of the law and chief priest of the temples, the Pharaoh was responsible for all aspects of Egyptian life. His days consisted of settling legal disputes and overseeing the various classes of priests and officials. As an army leader he held the title of Supreme Commander often leading his armies in person and taking part in the fighting. He encouraged loyalty and bravery from his soldiers and would reward them with gold, land and a promotion in social status. As owner of Egypt's mines, quarries and trading fleets, the pharaoh also controlled trade and the economy. Projects such as building and maintenance of the irrigation system and storage of the grain were tantamount to the survival of the people.

The Pharaoh - man, ruler and god was clearly perceived by the ancient Egyptians as their overlord who filled a number of essential roles. He ran his kingdom and ruled his people according the laws of balance and order. The ultimate ruler who was vital to their very existence.

Learn more about this author, Dawna Sinclair.
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