by Melanie Grimes

Created on: April 06, 2011   Last Updated: April 07, 2011

Hypokalemia is a condition caused by a lowered level of potassium in the blood. The most abundant element in the earth’s crust, potassium is need by every cell in the body and contributes to many body functions, from the contraction of the heart to building healthy bones. Potassium is needed for muscle contractions and for a healthy digestive tract. A deficiency of potassium can lead to serious health consequences.

Causes of hypokalemia

Potassium is taken into the body from food sources. The amount of potassium in the blood, called serum potassium, is regulated by the kidneys. Damage to the kidneys can cause a malfunction that can result in low potassium levels. The body eliminates potassium through perspiration, urine and stool. Diarrhea and vomiting can lead to hypokalemia, as can intense periods of exercise. Other causes of hypokalemia can include drugs or eating disorders, for instance bulimia. Diseases of the kidneys, such as Liddle syndrome, Cushings syndrome, Bartter syndrome and Franconi syndrome, can lead to a potassium deficiency as well. Drugs that cause low potassium levels include ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and antibiotics, such as gentamicin, carbencillin, and amphotericin B. Thyroid medication can also raise the serum potassium levels. 

Potassium in Foods

Potassium is found in many common and inexpensive foods, so a dietary deficiency is rarely caused by diet. Fruits and vegetables contain a large amount of potassium. Fruits especially rich in this nutrient include bananas, oranges, peaches, kiwi, and tomatoes. Vegetable sources of potassium include Brussels sprouts, potatoes, lima beans and peas. Grains, especially the bran part of the fiber, are an excellent source of fiber, as is milk and peanut butter.

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Low levels of potassium in the blood are not symptomatic, but the levels can drop to life threatening levels. Symptoms of this stage of disease will be demonstrated by abnormal or weak heart rate. Muscles can spasm or fail to contract, and muscle fibers will eventually break down, leading to a condition called rhabdomyolysis. A person with hyperkalemia can become constipated and feel fatigue. Paralysis can ensue and can become life threatening. In severe cases, hypokalemia can lead to death.

Treatment of hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia can be treated by adding potassium to the diet, or by supplementation with potassium. In an extreme case, potassium can be inserted directly into the blood intravenously. Changes in medication may be advised if the cause of hypokalemia is due to drug interaction.

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