by Judy Evans

Created on: January 11, 2011   Last Updated: January 12, 2011

Graves’ disease affects the autoimmune system and is the most common form of hyperthyroidism. An overproduction of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis) causes an imbalance in the metabolism. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, becomes hyperactive producing more thyroid hormones than are necessary for normal body function. This causes an imbalance in the metabolism which leads to a number of problems.

Typically the thyroid gland becomes enlarged and exophthalmos may be present. Exophthalmos is a forward protrusion of the eye resulting in an unblinking stare. Excessive production of thyroid hormones affects numerous parts of the body. The nervous, digestive and reproductive systems as well as the eyes, skin, lungs, hair, bones and muscles may all be affected.

The causes of Graves’ disease are not fully understood. Increased exposure to, and levels of, iodine have also been associated with Graves’ disease. There is also a hereditary link.

There is increasing evidence that diet can play a large part in, at worst, managing and, at best, reducing the symptoms and effects of an over-active thyroid. The goal of a nutritional progamme is to remove foods that may trigger the thyroid to create antibodies. There are a number of foods that have been found to interfere with normal functioning of the thyroid. These foods are considered goitrogens. 

The iodine content of food affects the production of thyroid. There is evidence to suggest that those with Graves’ disease would do well to avoid foods that have a high iodine content. Iodised salt is an obvious culprit. Some seafood products also have a high iodine component. Kelp is especially high in iodine and most shellfish is too. Beef liver, turkey, chicken, and red meats all have relatively high levels so choose lean meats for cooking purposes.

Soy products have been found to inhibit the function of the thyroid and these should be avoided.

There are some vegetables that have high levels of iodine. Plants belonging to the genus Brassica are all suspect. These include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, turnips, kale, watercress and kohl rabi. These are particularly goitrogenic if eaten raw. All refined carbohydrates should be limited. This includes white flour and white sugar. Foods made from these highly refined products should be restricted. Whole grain breads are to be preferred over white bread. Some dairy products need to be restricted and red dye #3.

On the positive side, there are a number of foods which can be eaten without restriction. Fresh and dried fruits, unsalted nuts, oatmeal, fresh lean meat, whole grains (check iodine content), grain pasta, decaffeinated drinks and fresh vegetables not listed above.

If you wish to embark on a nutritional programme that supports normal functioning of the thyroid, do so in consultation with your doctor. Your doctor will also be able to advise on any supplements that may be needed. These may include acidophilus to aid in digestion plus vitamin and mineral supplements.

For general good health, caffeine intake should be restricted as should alcohol consumption. These factors are even more important when the body is fighting infection and illness.

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