by Gabriella D'Anton

Created on: November 15, 2009

Skin pigmentation is the result of too much or too little melanin production. The release of the melanin pigment is the natural protection of the body against the harmful sun rays and its presence will give the skin a specific color.

The more melanin the body produces, the darker the skin is (natural adaptation to environmental conditions developed through generations).

The melanin pigment is produced by specific cells called melanocytes, present in the deepest layer of the epidermis (the germinative layer where cell division also takes place). There are different types of pigmentation; some affect larger areas, some are concentrated in small spots, called improperly liver spots. Liver has nothing to do with it; the cause of dark spots, especially in older people is the consequence of lack of coordination between the production of melanin and the speed of cell division and their ability to absorb the pigment in an even manner.

Uneven skin tone and hyper-pigmentation is a frequent condition and its treatment is a complicated one. The skin's coloring is also influenced by genetic heritage and often by internal dysfunctions (liver, kidney and ovary deficiency).

There are several major causes for skin pigmentation:

a) excessive and unprotected sun exposure

b) changes in the hormonal balance during pregnancy or due to the use of the pill

c) trauma to the skin due to improper treatment of acne and blemishes

d) use of aggressive acid peels or laser procedure.

The treatment of pigmentation is a three step program with no guarantees of success; it requires knowledge and plenty of patience.

1) First Step

The production of melanin is triggered by an enzyme called tyrosinase, so the first step on treating skin pigmentation is the attempt to inhibit this enzyme; the most effective remedy proved to be the use of hydroquinone that will disrupt the synthesis of melanin. A 2% concentration is used by estheticians, a dermatologist will use up to 4% and anything higher is dangerous.

If successful in this first step of eliminating the cause of further pigmentation, we have to concentrate on repairing the prior damage.

2) Second Step

This second step involves gentle bleaching of the skin. The process is a delicate one and could sensitize the skin, making it more vulnerable to further pigmentation.

A combination of treatments involving natural and chemical agents could be used. Derivates of vitamin A (Renova and Retin-A), as well as arbutin (licorice extract), azalaic

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