Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by parasitic species known as ''Leishmania''. The main vector of this disease is the biting sand fly. Dogs are the primary reservoir for this disease, but even humans and other animals may be susceptible to this disease. However, the disease cannot be directly transmitted from dog to human or vice-versa.

Leishmaniasis is endemic in the Mediterranean, Central America, Africa, Asia, and Southern Mexico. There have been however, some cases even reported in dogs abroad, specifically in Ohio, Oklahoma and Texas.

Symptoms of Leishmaniasis in Dogs

One peculiar trait of this disease is that it tends to develop slowly. It is not unheard of dogs developing symptoms even up to seven years after being infected. The symptoms are often vague and may mimic several other disorders.

There are two forms of Leismaniasis: the cutaneous form and the visceral form. Unfortunately, most dogs will develop both forms.

The cutaneous form causes hyperkeratosis which is the visible thickening of the dog's skin mostly seen on the dog's muzzle, ears or paw pads. Dogs may also exhibit loss of pigmentation on their nose, a dull, brittle coat and areas with loss of hair.

The visceral form occurs when the parasite has reached the dog's internal organs causes the dog to become weakened and lethargic. Affected dogs will develop loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting and diarrhea, black tarry, stools, nose bleeds, brittle nails, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen and ultimately, kidney failure.

Treatment of Leishmaniasis in Dogs

There is currently no cure for Leishmaniasis. For this reason, the prognosis for dogs affected by this disease is very guarded. The treatment therefore is merely supportive, aiming mostly on providing fluids, special diets and antibiotics to provide relief.

Prevention of Leishmaniaisis in Dogs

There are currently no vaccinations to prevent the disease (even though Brasil has been working on developing one called Leishmune), so the best course of action is to invest in good insect repellents. Collars that repel insects may be helpful. Spot on applicators that repel insects such as Advantix may be helpful but they are not capable of preventing the disease 100%.

According to a recent Italian study (see reference), the monthly application of Advantix was capable of offering a protection percentage of 88.9% in endemic areas.

References

Otranto et al., Efficacy of a combination of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin for the prevention of leishmaniasis in kennelled dogs in an endemic area. Veterinary Parasitology 2007; 144(3-4):270-8

Learn more about this author, Janet Farricelli.
Click here to send this author comments or questions.

---

Add your voice

Know something about Leishmaniasis in dogs: Causes, symptoms, and treatments?
We want to hear your view. Write now!