There are many different classes of antibiotics, each exerting a different type of inhibitory effect that specifically impacts bacteria. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; primitive cells that differ significantly from human eukaryotic cells. The difference between these two cell types allows for selective toxicity; the ability of an antibiotic to harm bacteria cells while not harming the cells of the host. Antibiotic cephalosporins work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacteria cell wall, a structure that human cells don't possess.
Each article in this series covers a specific class of antibiotic and includes the following information:
* a list of the specific antibiotics that fall in the class (generic and brand names)
* mode of action
* type of infection the antibiotic class to against
* type of bacteria inhibited or killed
* pros and cons of using that class of antibiotics
* Different Classes of Antibiotics *
Some of the main classes of antibiotics include:
* Aminoglycosides
* Cephalosporins (Beta-lactam)
* Macrolides
* Penicillins (Beta-lactam)
* Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones)
* Sulfonamides
* Tetracyclines
* Cephalosporin Antibiotics *
Cephalosporins are categorized by "generation," a classification that relates to their antimicrobial properties. There are four generations of cephalosporin; each newer generation having greater gram-negative antimicrobial effectiveness than the generation before. The later the generation, the greater the cephalosporin's effectiveness against resistant bacterial strains.
Cephalosporins include the following drugs. There are many different types and brands of cephalosproins, and this list is by no means exhaustive.
~ First Generation Cephalosporins ~
* Cefadroxil (cefadroxyl; Duricef)
* Cefalexin (cephalexin; Keflex)
* Cefalotin (cephalothin; Keflin)
* Cefapirin (cephapirin; Cefadryl)
* Cefazolin (cephazolin; Ancef, Kefzol)
* Cefradine (cephradine; Velosef)
~ Second Generation Cephalosporins ~
* Cefaclor (Ceclor, Distaclor, Keflor, Raniclor)
* Cefonicid (Monocid)
* Cefprozil (cefproxil; Cefzil)
* Cefuroxime (Zinnat, Zinacef, Ceftin, Biofuroksym)
~ Third Generation Cephalosporins ~
* Cefdinir (Omnicef)
* Cefixime (Suprax)
* Cefotaxime (Claforan)
* Cefpodoxime (Vantin, PECEF)
* Ceftibuten (Cedax)
* Ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
* Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
* Cefoperazone (Cefobid)
* Ceftazidime (Fortum, Fortaz)
~ Fourth Generation Cephalosporins ~
* Cefepime (Maxipime)
* Cephalosporin Mode of Action *
Cephalosporins are a type of beta-lactam antibiotic, closely related to the penicillins. They are bactericidal (able to kill bacteria), with the same mode of action (MOA) as other beta-lactams.
Cephalosporins disrupt synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan is a strong structural molecule specific to the cells walls of bacteria. With the cell wall structure compromised, the bactericidal result is lysis and death of the cell.
Human cells do not have cells walls or peptidoglycan, therefore, B-lactam antibiotics are able to target bacterial cells without harming human cells.
* Type of Infections Cephalosporins Are Used For *
Cephalosporins are used to treat a wide range of infections, including pneumonia, strep throat, and various Staph infections including those of the skin, tonsillitis, bronchitis and gonorrhea. Cephalosporin is also commonly used prophylactically with surgical procedures, as a preventative measure to avoid infection.
* Antimicrobial Spectrum of Cephalosporins *
First-generation cephalosporins are mainly effective against Gram-positive bacteria. The generations to follow have successively increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria, with the trade-off of being less effective against Gram-positive microbes.
* Pros and Cons of Cephalosporins *
Cephalosporins are similar to penicillin in action and side effects, and are often used in patients with and allergy to penicillin.
* Sources *
The information in this article was obtained from a variety of sources, including the textbook "Foundations in Microbiology" by Kathleen Park Talero, and Yuri Bayarski's article Antibiotics and Their Types, Uses and Side Effects.
* This article is for informational purposes only and is not mean to be used in the treatment of bacterial infections. If you are ill, see a medical professional.