"The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible." -Albert Einstein
Any present day viable scientific explanation of how the universe formed would have to incorporate and explain the, “Inflationary Big Bang”, universal creation hypothesis.
Throughout history, it was assumed that the universe is infinite and unchanging. This conflicting concept, in later years, became known as the “Steady State” theory.
The basic "Big Bang" concept was first formally introduced scientifically in 1931 by a Belgian physicists and Roman Catholic priest named George Lemaitre. Its present day form the, "Inflationary Big Bang Theory ", is the result of the combined efforts of the best minds in cosmology, astrophysics, mathematics and technology in the analysis and development of observational and other pertinent data, over the past 80 years..
In these early years of the second decade of the new millennium, research from astronomy and astrophysics tell us that, you and I and everyone and thing that we know, the Earth, the sun, our own "Milky Way" galaxy and all the countless billions of galaxies in super clusters and walls of galaxies, the whole universe, was once compacted into an almost infinitely dense orb of condensed energy-mass, about 13.7 billion years ago. The volume of this primordial universal particle was less than that of an individual atom.
Faster Than Light
Immediately after it came into existence, this ultimately dense ball of energy-mass, that was to become our universe, began to explode, inflate and expand outward in all directions at a hyper-luminary velocity. According to the work of Einstein and others, no matter can attain the velocity of light much less exceed it, but, matter as we know it did not exist in this earliest of epochs, nor did gravity. There was also another force, acting upon our infant universe causing it to explode and inflate at faster than light speed, during the first tiny fraction of a second after its creation. Eventually, positrons, electrons, then compound particles, like protons and neutrons, then basic atoms formed. Simultaneously, with the formation of protons, gravity turned on and all matter decelerated to sub-luminary velocities, gravity put the brakes on the run-away faster than light expansion of matter. This was not true for the fabric of space-time whose expansion rate is not restricted by the velocity of light. Distant super-nova data tells us that universal expansion is accelerating as the gravitational attraction of matter is weakened, not in strength, but, loosing its grip in an ever expanding, inflating realm being pulled apart by an unknown force called "Dark Energy". Every pertinent field of physics today tells us there was a Event, a beginning to this universe.
Something caused that universal particle to explode outward in all directions at once, faster than the speed of light, according to "Inflation Theory" by Dr. Alan Guth of M.I.T., et al. Inflation theory is necessary to explain, the horizon problem. The fact that along with temperature discrepancies, the universe is observed to be about 156 billion light years wide, when the estimated age of the universe is only 13.7 billion years old. This has been confirmed extensively by observation. Very few, if any, present day astrophysicists contest that this is how our universe evolved.
Current Cosmology
There are several popular and promising fields of thought on the creation event, among them, Membrane or “Brane Theory”, championed by String Theorists. It espouses that a collision between two higher dimensional realms (Membranes), that move around in yet a higher dimension (Bulk), caused the Big Bang to occur. Unexplained are what causes the higher and higher dimensions to exist?
“Quantum Loop Cosmology”, is another current contender in cosmological thought. It proposes that the universe is cyclic and will expand then eventually contract, to reoccur again. It’s not clear how or why and it doesn’t explain why the nuclear space-time world is quantum, energy which exists in specific wave-packets.
The major unanswered questions in cosmology are where did the particle that our universe evolved from, come from and why did it explode? Further, why and how did it initially expand faster than the speed of light and what is the dark energy that is causing the expansion to speed up now? It will soon become apparent that, to be able to understand the universe and its peculiarities at the largest astrophysical scale, it is necessary to understand how things work at the smallest of scales, inside the nucleus of the atom. The similarities are fascinating.
FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICS
In the early 1970's, Quark Theory was relatively well established but, no quarks or direct evidence of any had been found. A film titled "The Hunting of the Quark", ["Horizon"- Educational Scientific Series, written & produced by David Paterson, (1974) Time-Life] was aired on Public Television on November 17, 1974. (NOVA). [Hunting of the Quark (The)] Smashing of matter into ever smaller pieces in an attempt to find its fundamental building blocks has produced a confused nightmare of particles. NOVA looks at this on-again, off-again story, one of science's most mysterious and, one of the most expensive, involving some of the biggest machines in the world. A portion of this film described an exclusive reaction (electron-proton scattering experiment) that was conducted at Stanford Linear Accelerator.
A program was run on the collected data to search for any charge morphology or configuration on the proton. In the film, an animation was shown of a rapidly alternating charge pattern that was found, as the only symmetrical configuration to fit the scattering data. The animation represented the proton as a sphere with two counter spinning rings of increasing positive charge, each rotating near the relative poles, in one state. In the alternate state, four point charges were shown equally displaced around the equator of the proton.
The Changing Shape of Protons;
These four point charges then began to simultaneously elongate into linear arc charges stretching out toward, and almost reaching the poles of the sphere. The film's narrator stated that, "theorists could explain what might cause the ring charges to occur, but were unable to account for the four point, elongating into line-arc charges". He also pointed out that this data, although intriguing did conflict with some of the basic assumptions of "Quark Theory". Recent experimentation indicates that the proton has an electro-dynamic nature and various morphologies. [1] "protons aren't always shaped like a basketball". These latest findings seem to confirm the existence of the dynamic charge patterns described in this hypothesis. ((Comparison)) Such charge patterns, (inner) would result in the various proton morphologies, (outer) being observed, when electrons are deflected by them.
Internal Structure of the Proton;
To understand what is occurring within the proton, that causes the alternating charge patterns and morphologies, visualize the proton as a hollow, thin shelled sphere or bubble of mass. Inside the sphere there are four identical, positively charged particles. These four particles are synchronously oscillating from near the proton's center, almost to the containing shell, and back again. Their oscillation paths are equally spaced at ninety-degree intervals in the plane of the proton's equator. For ease of illustration and to avoid confusion these particles will be referred to as 'quadrons' rather than quarks. Synchronicity at the quantum level may seem counter-intuitive to the "Uncertainty Principle", but is not precluded by it. It is well documented that when an electron for example, (charged particle) takes on a relative linear motion it generates a spinning electromagnetic field that expands outward at light speed. (Positive particles field spins rotate opposite to negative particle spins). This spinning field expands at right angles to the particle's linear direction. Applying this field concept, and starting at the farthest points from the proton center, the four quadrons are pushed inward. They are repelled by their own charge fields, which are mirrored in the containing energy-mass sphere. As the particles take on a relative linear motion they each radiate a spinning, obtuse, conical energy field at right angles to their respective motion. As these spinning energy fields expand outward, at the velocity of light, they encounter the proton shell and are deflected around and along its inner physical surface. As the particles progress inward, these four energy fields generated at an angle of 90 degrees to each other, expand and curve around the inner surface of the shell to meet each other adjacently at an angle of 180 degrees. It is known that when charge fields, of the same spin direction, encounter each other at an angle of 180 degrees they join together. (Electromagnetic field coupling) This charge field coupling is what creates the two counter spinning charge rings around the proton poles. The double charge rings, that are formed, keep the four quadrons oscillating within a plane, preventing close packing. Fig.#3
The Role of Quadron's Linear Velocity;
As the quadrons move inward toward the center of the proton their linear velocity begins to slow, due to the repulsive nature of their similar charges. This action causes the concentrated double ring charges, at the proton poles, to collapse back upon the four particles from which they were generated, in an effort to maintain the particle velocities (Self induction). However, the four quadron charge fields have been combined divided in half and rotated 90 degrees from the direction in which they were originally radiated. They are now in the form of two diametrical spinning rings of similar charge, focused upon a point at the center of the proton. The two charge rings collapse upon this point at the proton's center, in a conical fashion due to economy of motion. It resembles an hourglass of charge caving in on itself at its center (Consider these formulas, the area of a circle, a = (pi)r(2), volumes: a cone, V = 1/3(pi)r(2)h., a sphere, V = 4/3 (pi)r(3). The ring charges collapse across their radii at the speed of light, thus, r = c. The area that the charge is compacted into mass would be reduced at V = 2(1/3(pi)c(2)h, (r = c), energy to mass conversion occurs. Condensations of mass are created and layered upon each other as the two rings collapse inward to form a new fifth particle at the center of the proton. Both ring charges being focused on the same central point predispose the newly created particle to be spherical. The hourglass shaped charge has collapsed inward to form a new particle. This particle will be called the "Universal Particle" or "U" particle.
The U Particle;
Within the proton we observe four positively charged particles gathered around a newly created fifth U particle, at the proton center. Created from collapsed rings of positive energy, the charge on the “U” particle is positive (anti-matter). This defines directionality of charge, and enables this system, to keep oscillating. The five positive particles are in closer proximity to each other than they could be, under any other circumstances, at the same energy levels. The quadron particles are repelled by the like charge of the newly created fifth positive particle and each other's similar charge. (Like or same type charges repel each other, unlike charges attract.) The four quadrons would be sprung outward away from the proton center, toward the containing spherical shell. As the four quadrons travel outward their rotating charge fields expand and adjacently encounter each other at an angle of 90 degrees. Field coupling cannot occur as it did along the shell wall on the inward journey. The charge fields deflect each other adjacently where they meet, outward toward the proton shell at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the oscillation paths of the quadron particles. A map analogy would have the quadron oscillation paths at the North, south, east and west locations while the deflected charge fields would be at the Northeast, Southeast, Northwest and Southwest positions. The charge fields, which travel at the velocity of light, lead the quadron particles outward toward the proton shell. When the initial deflected fields first encounter the proton shell they appear as four point charges equally displaced around the equator. These point charges expand into the linear arc charges as the four quadrons move closer to the proton shell and more of their deflected charge fields encounter it. Returning to the center of the proton we observe that the, newly created, fifth positive particle is emitting field relative to the oscillating particles. It is being stripped of field, as though the U particle is traveling in four directions at once. It would be anisotropically accelerated at the four points where the receding quadron fields met and deflected outward at the velocity of light and four points where it faced the quadron particles, resulting in quadra or octapoles.
Defining Charge;
Considering energy-mass as a spectrum, with mass at one end, energy at the other, and charged particles at various places in between, a statement can be made: Energy-mass which is changing in a direction toward mass, will have a positive charge; Energy-mass that is changing in a direction toward energy, will have a negative charge. The U particle is being relatively accelerated by the speed of light squared. Changing in a direction toward energy, the mass takes on a negative charge and explodes outward, being attracted to the four positively charged receding quadrons, as it is ripped apart in the process of mass being converted back to energy. (The point our Universe is at, given that size and time are infinitely relative).
The four outbound quadron particles eventually come in close enough proximity to the proton shell to be repulsed by the reflection of their own charges. The mass of the central U particle has been completely converted to energy and stored in four arcs of energy. The four quadrons begin to slow. The four uncombined, counter-rotating sets of deflected charge field arcs, stored along the proton shell, split and collapse inward toward the respective particles from which they were radiated, approaching them from each side. (Self-induction). This stops any outward movement and springs the quadrons back inward toward the proton center. The process begins again, the oscillations continue. The difference in velocity, between the oscillating sub-luminary (slower than light) quadron mass particles and the speed of light charge fields that they generate within the geometry of the proton sphere, maintains this perpetual motion.
An anomaly at the macro-level is that enough energy to support universal expansion, for about 15 billion years, was present at the time of the big bang. The universe should have collapsed in upon itself, during the initial stage of expansion, from the cumulative force of its own gravitational mass. To account for this phenomenon, "Inflation Theory", postulates that early expansion of the universe, immediately after its birth, was sharply accelerated to a point which prevented collapse. The cause of this rapid, initial, faster than light expansion is unexplained. Our universe initially had no gravity and was exploding, being ripped and spun apart by charge attraction and annihilation, as the U particle in this electro-dynamic like, proton model is. It explains what dark energy is. The Higgs field which is believed to be the ether-like sub-strait of space-time that gives particles their mass when they interact with it is generated by the fields of four outbound anti-matter universe sized structures. Observing the universe at point zero, just as the big bang occurs, it is seen that there is no particulate matter. The four forces, nuclear, electro-magnetic, weak, and gravitation do not exist. The universe expands at an enormously accelerated rate (Inflation Theory) because of dark energy's pull. The universe is being pulled apart by the expanding energy fields of four outbound quadron (anti-matter) universes, the difference in charge polarities further accelerates the initial faster than light expansion. The universal particle is stripped of its positive charge; the outer layer of the universal energy-mass particle is now mass being accelerated by C2. It takes on a negative charge (matter) and reacts explosively with the underlying positive component (anti-matter) below it. Physicists have long assumed that the cosmic egg started out as equal amounts of matter and anti-matter. Cosmology describes an initial anti-matter, changing to matter annihilation event.
How the Proton Acquired Four Quadrons:
It has been observed in experiments at the [2] Hadron Collider that, atomic plasma under extreme conditions, behaves as a super-liquid. At the beginning of creation, this liquid abounds and forms bubbles around some of the underlying positive particles. Electrons: acceleration transformed positive particles, now negative, are drawn to and collide with the encased positive particles. They do not annihilate in the collisions, but energy is transferred to the encased positive particle repeatedly until it splits into two particles. More energy from more collisions and the two positive particles split and then there are four particles. (Quadrons) Energy from further electron collisions induces the four quadrons to oscillate due to their interacting field effects within the proton sphere. This oscillation of two perpendicularly opposed positive charge morphologies about the proton surface warps space-time creating the nuclear level quantum framework and gravity.
As Above, So Below:
Four anti-matter universe sized structures, outside and traveling away from our universe, as the quadrons do inside the proton, can explain many unknown astrophysical phenomena. Recently observed anomalies at the macro-level of the universe indicate that it is a much larger image of the U particle described in this oscillating proton model. Our universe is being pulled apart by the charge and expanding energy fields (dark energy) of four outbound quadron (anti-matter) universes. A perpendicular light polarization alignment of the observable galaxies in our universe has been discovered [3] (crossing spirals). A dipole, quadrapole and/or octapoles orientation have also been discovered in the CMB (cosmic microwave background radiation), 2006-08. [4] "of Evil".
The expansion of space-time surrounding the universal particle would be symmetrical, yet anisotropic during the outbound oscillation phase of the quadrons. Four points where their radiated spinning charge fields encounter adjacently at 45 degrees and deflect each other outward at the speed of light and nearby space-time volume expansion approaches c². This would also cause dark energy eddies where the fields interface. Astrophysicists have discovered at least one of these points in our cosmos. This was observed in [5] A Measure of Large-scale Peculiar Velocities of Clusters of Galaxies.
The physical constants of nature would also vary slightly from place to place within anisotropically accelerated space-time, depending upon location within or near a field [dark energy] deflection point. [6] variation of Alpha 1/137. For visual reference see, lower right illustration labeled, "OUTBOUND".
The latest analysis of seven years worth of Cosmic Microwave Background data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe seems to indicate that our early universe was influenced by four extra-universal objects [7] (universes), as is predicted by this model. "Dark energy", is a term coined to explain the unexpected anomaly of universal expansion accelerating, rather than, slowing down as most physicists expected. Four anti-matter universe sized (probably larger) structures, outside and traveling away from our universe, as the quadrons do inside this proton model, can account for the observed space-time phenomena of the still undefined "dark energy", "dark flow" and inflation. The universe we exist in was created by the collapse of two immensely huge ring fields of counter spinning energy. It is now being pulled apart, after exploding, analogous to the universal particle described in this oscillating proton model.
Circular Universe
An undeniable axiom of the universe we exist in is the sphere, or the circle if considered two dimensionally. It permeates our existence at every level. The universe appears to be multi-dimensionally, circular in design, structured that, if you look up and down far enough, eventually you arrive at the same place. Imagine, a universe inside every proton and ours a part of what?
Physics Journal References:
[1] http://prc.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v68/i2/e022201, & http://arxiv.org/abs/0802.3731v1
[2] http://arxiv.org/abs/1011.3914
[3] http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v78/i16/p3043_1
[4] http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0611/0611518v 2.pdf
[5] http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/pdf/276176main_A pJLetters_20Oct2008.pdf
[6] http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.3907
[7] http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.1995, & http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.3667v1
“The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement.
But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.”
-Niels Bohr - 1885 – 1962