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Fortunately, tetanus is rare but this disease, known also as 'lockjaw', can be fatal and awareness is essential. The infectious bacteria [clostridium tetani] is found commonly in saliva, dust, garden soil and manure, gaining access to humans through cuts and wounds. Even a small wound can be sufficient to allow poison into the body, where it affects the central nervous system. Animal bites are a further source of infection.

SYMPTOMS

Different types of tetanus exist, but the most common type affecting adults is Generalized Tetanus which can be serious enough to be life-threatening. The symptoms usually appear within seven days, but may be swifter - or may take over a month to manifest themselves as follows:

- Painful muscles and stiffness in the neck, back and shoulder region

- Spasms of the jaw and jaw stiffness, hence the name 'lockjaw'

- Fever and sweats

These symptoms may last for several weeks, but if you suspect tetanus because of a recent wound, then seek medical advice. Tetanus can kill mainly from ensuing complications.

COMPLICATIIONS

- Violent convulsions which could result in fractures

-Heart attack

- Difficulty in breathing

Cephalic Tetanus affects children more commonly than adults, often via an ear infection, but is a rare form of the disease. Symptoms are confined to the area of the head, causing lockjaw and affecting swallowing.

PREVENTION

Tetanus infection almost always occurs in people who have not received immunization against it. The vaccine is normally administered to children at 5 stages of their development beginning at around 2 or 3 months of age, with the last one at 5 or 6 years. After that, young adults should seek a booster vaccine and then further vaccines every 10 years.

Simple preventative measures can help you to avoid tetanus if you do receive a wound:

- Clean the wound thoroughly and the area around it with plenty of clean water

- Cover the wound to keep bacteria from entering the body and regularly renew the dressing

- Apply an antibiotic cream to reduce the chance of infection

-Think of the implications of the source of the wound: a deep puncture or a dirty wound acquired in the garden may pose a risk of tetanus

You should, in any case, review your current vaccine status and see your health professional for advice and a booster, if necessary.

Learn more about this author, Anne Penny.
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