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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the acidic contents of the stomach escape back into the esophagus injuring its lining and causing symptoms. Normally, the lower end of the esophagus (or lower esophageal sphincter) prevents reflux, but if it does not close properly or relaxes inappropriately, then stomach contents can move back up the esophagus. Some foods (e.g. caffeine) or drugs may interfere with proper function of the sphincter. Obesity may also predispose to GERD by increasing pressure within the abdomen.

Heartburn is the main symptom of GERD in adults and is often described as a burning sensation in the middle of the chest that moves up towards the throat. Regurgitation of food or drink may also occur and this is frequently the way GERD is recognized in babies, who of course cannot complain of heartburn. Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of food getting stuck in the esophagus, may also be seen - especially if GERD has been long-standing.

Symptoms which may not be recognized as being due to GERD are also fairly frequent. Hoarseness, especially in the morning, may result from irritation of the vocal cords by acidic stomach contents. If the refluxed acid is breathed into the lung, especially while lying flat at night, cough or asthma may result. Chest pain due to GERD may be so severe that it may mimic the pain of a heart attack. Some of what is referred to as colic in cranky newborns, may in some cases be due to pain from reflux.

The treatment of heartburn begins with making simple changes in one's habits to decrease the chance of reflux. One of the simples and most effective measures is to avoid reclining within three hours after eating or drinking. If only water or clear liquids are taken, this interval can be shortened to one hour. All this simply means that late night splurges on ice-cream or middle-of-the-night glasses of milk are a no-no unless you're going to sit up and watch a movie or two afterwards! Even water taken with medication, should preferably be done at least an hour before bedtime. Other lifestyle changes include losing weight, cutting out large meals and elevating the head of the bed by about 8 inches. Dietary changes are also helpful and include: avoiding caffeine, citrus and chocolate.

Simple, occasional heartburn may be treated with over the counter medication such as antacids or Zantac. If symptoms are chronic, frequent, severe or require daily medication for more than two or three months, then further

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