by C. Spencer

Created on: October 18, 2008

Rene Descartes was an influential 17th century French philosopher, largely credited as the father of Modern philosophy. In this article we will explore some of the major themes and arguments advanced by Descartes in his famous Meditations on First Philosophy. Along the way we will consider some weakness in his arguments, and topics that deserve further consideration. The closing paragraph includes some interesting questions, raised by Descartes, which are sure to provide fodder for further philosophical reflection.

MOTIVATIONS FOR DESCARTES' THOUGHT

As both a participant in and observer of the Scientific Revolution, Descartes was profoundly affected by the realization that much of what he was raised to believe was entirely false. For example, only a few years prior to his birth, Copernicus had advanced a heliocentric conception of the universe that conflicted with the geocentric view, which was favored by the Catholic Church (on scriptural grounds), and which had been articulated by Aristotle during ancient times. And, of course, during Descartes' own time, Galileo had been condemned by the Church for defending Copernicus' view.

As scientific advances such as these were made in astronomy, physics, biology, and other natural sciences, Descartes began questioning whether he could be certain that any of his beliefs were well-justified. His worry is understandable; on the one hand, scientists were developing sophisticated theories which explained natural phenomena in natural terms, while on the other hand, the Church was asserting its authority on metaphysical and cosmological matters. As both a Catholic and a scientist/philosopher, Descartes undoubtedly felt torn in two different directions.

Descartes' response to this problem is to seek out absolutely indubitable foundational beliefs, upon which he can erect a body of knowledge. This is the project he pursues in the Meditations on First Philosophy.

THE CONCEPT OF FOUNDATIONAL BELIEFS

Before delving into the particulars of his project, it is worth pausing to consider why Descartes wishes to search for what he calls "foundational" beliefs. Consider my belief, "Neil Armstrong landed on the moon." We would say that I am justified
in believing that Neil Armstrong landed on the moon only if I have some good evidence to suppose it is true. Of course, my evidence includes images I have seen, news reports and accounts given by Armstrong and other people, and so on and so forth. However, I am only justified in accepting these

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