by Sue Earle

Created on: May 23, 2008   Last Updated: May 30, 2008

Hikers and backpackers are generally adventurous people yet few ever venture off the beaten path. In a world where recreational hiking trails and constructed paths are the norm, it is far too easy to become complacent and forget that there are abundant opportunities outside the perceived safety of parks. If you've ever dared to pick up a topographical map and plot your own course however, you'll be well aware that some of the greatest experiences nature has to offer are in "the middle of nowhere." For any avid outdoors person, learning to use a map and compass for wilderness travel can take the outdoors as we know it to a whole new level.

Where do I get maps?

Topographic maps are available from government sources but there's usually a cost involved. In the USA, maps can be ordered from the United States Geological Survey (http://topomaps.usgs.gov) and in Canada, the Center for Topographical Maps in Ottawa (http://maps.nrcan.gc.ca/) is an excellent resource. Inquire with local orienteering clubs, landowners, survey offices and municipal land registries, as they will frequently be able to provide free maps for their areas of concern, as well.

Will any map do?

Maps are not all created equally, so be certain that the map you're getting will be an adequate source of information. The first thing you should be concerned with is the scale. A map that covers one mile of terrain per square inch will obviously be much more detailed than a map that covers 10 miles in the same amount of space. You should also pay close attention to the date that the map was created or updated. Although geographic features such as hills and lakes are usually fairly constant over time, man made features such as trails, dams, buildings and roads can appear and disappear from one year to the next. The more up-to-date the map, the less likely you'll be confused by new features added since the map's creation.

Another important quality to look for when you're buying a map is how well it will withstand the weather! Maps come in paper, Tyvek and laminated versions. Paper maps are usually the cheapest, but if that's the route you choose, you'll want a waterproof map case to carry it in. It's no good to be miles into the woods only to have your map disintegrate in a torrential downpour. Tyvek maps are the best in my mind;they come close to paper in weight, fold easily, and stand up to a lot of abuse.

Reading your map

At first glance reading a topographic map may look like a frightening prospect. Don't let

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