In perfect theory, a sustained agro-ecosystem would balance efficient crop production with a preserved biodiversity that increases soil fertility while maintaining the ecosystem below. The ecosystem is a complex symbiosis between the soil and the organisms that live in it, including microbes, fungi, and bacteria, all vital to the natural decomposition and nutrient cycling that keep the soil healthy. However, with a growing global food demand, farmers often rely on technology to improve food production, but at what cost to the ecosystem? If the ecosystem is compromised, a viable crop production will also be threatened.

Past negligent soil management has already compromised soil fertility. Excessive tillage as well as chemicals introduced into the soil have often changed soil consistency and hampered its ability to restore organic matter. Yet, low-tech management like ploughing, while minimizing soil damage, is not efficient in producing the higher crop yields needed to feed a global community.

Farmers may be concerned about maintaining the ecosystem, but they are much more concerned about the economics that sustain their livelihood. They have to weigh the viability of their farming efforts with the return they will get from their crops. Ironically, while modern technologies and mechanization may have increased yields and decreased some farm risk, they have also contributed to the devastating topsoil depletion and groundwater contamination that in the end have destroyed many farmlands.

Therefore, a sustainable agro-ecosystem has to integrate effective food production and farm economics along with a healthy soil ecosystem. Scientists maintain that this balance is possible through organic means, including reduced tillage, cover crops, and plants and mulches that protect topsoil. Also, adding organic matter increases soil stability and diversifies microbial soil life.

So how can farmers make the transition to a healthier agro-ecosystem? Well, for starters, they can plan and manage their crops and soil more holistically. For instance, choosing crop covers such as hairy vetch not only helps maintain the topsoil, but also provides nitrogen that can be utilized by subsequent crops like tomatoes. Different crop covers will vary by region; farmers should consult guides to help them decide which crops are more suitable for their soil. Creating a productive crop rotation mix will also keep soil fertile, while maximizing yield production. Row crops, such as corn and beans, should not be rotated often, as they actually degrade the soil and do not contribute enough replacement organic matter. Sod crops such as alfalfa are more effective in soil building. Additional methods include using nitrogen-laden compost, that is especially advantageous when used with cover crops and green manure.

Ultimately, a sustained agro-ecosystem doesn't just rely on good soil management. To a larger extent, it is man's input that is crucial to maintaining a viable balance.

Learn more about this author, Sharon Cullars.
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